Historical and Archaeological Heritage of Yogyakarta (Pawon Temple)

Pawon located in the village of Borobudur, Borobudur subdistrict, Magelang regency, Central Java Province. The temple which has another name, this Brajanalan temple located about 2 km to the northeast of the Borobudur temple and 1 km to the southeast of Mendut. Location of Mendut, Pawon and Borobudur Temple is located in a straight line basis alleged that the three Buddhist temples has a close connection. Besides the location, the similarity in the three temples carved motifs are also underlie the linkages among the three. Poerbatjaraka, even argues that the temple is a memorial Pawon tine (part of) the temple of Borobudur.

According Casparis, Pawon a storage place the ashes of King Indra (782-812 AD), father of the dynasty of King Samarrattungga Syailendra. The name "Pawon" itself, according to some people, derived from the word meaning a place to store pawuan awu (ash). In a room in the body Pawon, previously thought there Bodhhisatwa Arca, as a form of homage to the King Indra who is considered to have reached the level of Bodhisattva, then placed in a temple statue Bodhisatwva. In the Middle Reef inscription mentioned that the statues are issued wajra (rays).  Batur temple is about 1.5 m tall has a rectangular ground-plan, but the edges are made winding form 20 angles. Wall shelf sculptures decorated with various motifs, such as flowers and tendrils. Unlike the Buddhist temples in general, Pawon slender body shape like a Hindu temple.

The entrance to the room in the temple is located on the west side. Above the doorway there is a jawless Kalamakara decoration. stairs to the hall is equipped with a ladder with a sculptured cheek on its outer wall. Ornate dragon heads at the base of the ladder is damaged cheek. The room in the temple is currently empty, but on the floor visible marks that show that the statue had been found at these sites.

On the front wall of the temple, on the north and south entrances, there are niches containing carvings depicting Kuwera (God of Wealth) in a standing position. Sculpture located at the south door was broken so it does not look more original form. Sculpture at the north door is still relatively intact, only the head alone that have been destroyed.

On the north and south walls of the temple there is the same relief, namely that describes the Kinara and Kinari, a pair of bird-headed man, stood flanking the Kalpataru tree that grows in a vase. Around the tree is located some purse money. In the sky was a pair of human beings in flight. At the top of the wall there is a pair of small window that serves as a vent. In between these ventilation holes are carved Kumuda.

Stackable square-shaped roof of the temple was decorated with several dagoba (dome) small in each side. Peak of the roof is decorated with a larger dagoba. (excerpt)

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Historical and Archaeological Heritage of Yogyakarta (Plaosan Temple)

Plaosan Temple located in the Village Bugisan, District Prambanan, Klaten, approximately 1.5 km to the east of Sewu near Yogyakarta city. This temple is an ancient building complex which is divided into two, namely complex Plaosan Lor (lor in Javanese means north) and South Plaosan temple complex (south in Javanese means south). Sculptures found in Plaosan very smooth and detailed, similar to those found in the temple of Borobudur, Sewu, and Candi Sari.
Plaosan which is a Buddhist temple was built by the experts predicted during the reign of Rakai Pikatan of the Hindu Kingdom of Mataram, which is at the beginning of the 9th century AD One of the experts who support the opinion that it was De Casparis hold on the content of Cri Kahulunan Inscription (842 AD). The inscription is stated that the Temple built by Queen Lor Plaosan Sri Kahulunan, with the support of her husband. According to De Casparis, Sri is a title Pramodhawardani Kahulunan, daughter of King Samarattungga of Dynasty dynasty. The Princess, who embraced Buddhism, married to Rakai Pikatan from Sanjaya Dynasty, who were Hindus.
Plaosan which is a Buddhist temple was built by the experts predicted during the reign of Rakai Pikatan of the Hindu Kingdom of Mataram, which is at the beginning of the 9th century AD One of the experts who support the opinion that it was De Casparis hold on another isPendapat Plaosan about development is that the temple was built before the reign of Rakai Pikatan. According Anggraeni, who is a Sri Kahulunan is the mother who ruled Mataram Garung Rakai Rakai Pikatan before. The reign of Rakai Pikatan too short to be able to build a temple for Plaosan. Rakai Pikatan ancillary temples built after the construction of the main temple.
In October 2003, at the complex near the temple in the temple complex Perwara South Plaosan found an inscription which is estimated to come from the 9th century AD The inscription is made ​​of sheet gold measuring 18.5 x 2.2 cm. It contains writings in Sanskrit, written using the ancient Javanese script. The contents of the inscription is still unknown, but according to Tjahjono Prasodjo, epigraf assigned to read it, the inscription reinforces the notion that Plaosan built during the reign of Rakai Pikatan.

Plaosan Lor is a vast complex enshrinement. In front (west) complex there are two pairs of Lor Plaosan Dwarapala statues facing each other, a pair is located at the northern entrance and a pair at the entrance to the south. Each statue is located in the height of a man sitting on the folded right leg with left leg bent in front of the body. His right hand holds the rod, while the left hand crushed over the left knee.
In the court of the north there is a square stone terrace surrounded by rows of stone base. Suspected stone terrace is a place to put offerings. It is said that on top of the terrace there was a wooden building, while on top of each extolled was there a Dhyani Buddha statues.
Terrace which is similar but smaller complexes are also in the south Plaosan Lor. In the court of the northern temple complex also contained 6 pieces Plaosan large stupa.
In the center complex Plaosan Lor there are two two-story building which is the main temple. Both buildings are facing the west and are each surrounded by a stone fence.
Stone walls that enclose each of the main temple is surrounded by ancillary temples which originally numbered 174, consisting of 58 small temples berdenah square base and 116 stupa-shaped building. Seven temples lined up on each side of the north and south every major temples, 19 temples marched east or behind the two main temple, while 17 of the temple again lined up in front of the two main temples. Almost all of these ancillary temples now in ruins.
In every corner of the row of ancillary temples are still there a little longer temple is surrounded by two rows of which are also interspersed with a base with a small temple at each corner again.
On the west side of the stone wall that surrounds each of the main building there is a gate a gate paduraksa, the roof is decorated with rows of small crown. Peak of the roof arches, rectangular with a small crown on it.
Each of the main temple building stands on the foot as high as about 60 cm without a walkway that surrounds the body. Stairs to the door is equipped with a ladder that has ornate cheek dragon's head on the base. Door frame decorated with floral carvings and tendrils. Above the doorway there is a headdress Kala without the lower jaw.
Along the outer wall of the main body of the second temple was decorated by reliefs depicting men and women who are standing in a size approaching the size of real human beings. Reliefs on temple walls depict a southern man, while at the temple on the north depict women.
Part in both the main building is divided into six rooms, three rooms are located at the bottom, while the other three rooms are located on level two. The floor boards which limits both its current level is not there anymore, but the walls are still visible flow marks the place to install the floor.
In the living room there are three statues of Buddha sitting on top padadmasana row facing the door, but the Buddha statue in the middle is missing. On the wall in left and right of the room there is a niche that appears to be a place to put lighting. Niche is flanked by reliefs Kuwera and Hariti.
On the left and right, near the main door, there is a connecting door to the room side. The composition in the two rooms under the other, Both in the building at the north and south buildings, similar to the arrangement in the living room. On the east side there are three statues of Buddha sitting on top of his time lined up facing west. Buddha statue in the middle also has disappeared. 

The temple is located in southern South Plaosan Plaosan Lor, separated by a highway. When the complex Palosan Lor second main temple still standing with magnificent temple complex in South Plaosan main temple is in ruins. Which still stands just a few ancillary temples.
At the time of image capture, namely in May 2003, the excavation and restoration of the Temple of South Plaosan being implemented. (excerpt)

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Historical and Archaeological Heritage of Yogyakarta (Sambisari Temple)

The Sambisari temple is situated in the hamlet Sambisari, Purwomartani Village, District Kalasan, Sleman, Yogyakarta. From the city center, the distance is 15 kilometers to the northeast. Sambisari temple which is a homage to Shiva is the Hindu temple is built at the beginning of the 9th century by the Rakai Garung, a Hindu king of Mataram Syailendra's Dynasty .
Sambisari temple discovered by accident. A farmer who was digging in their fields feel the spade struck a hard object which, when excavated and observed, it is a stone decorated with carvings. Based on these findings the report, Yogyakarta Archaeological Center conducted a study and excavation necessary. Based on the results of research, in 1966 stipulated that the land there are the ruins of a temple buried by a pile of sand and rock spewed by Mount Merapi in 1906. Reconstruction and restoration of the temple was completed in 1987.
Sambisari temple is located about 6.5 m below ground surface, so the temple is not visible from a distance. Supposedly, once the surface of the ground area around the temple is not higher than the flat land where Sambisari temple is located, but the land of sand and rocks carried by the eruption of Mount Merapi in the year 1006 have to hoard the area. As a result, Sambisari temple participate buried in landfills, so the current position becomes lower than the surrounding ground surface. Currently the land around the temple has been excavated and laid out, forming a square with a ladder on all four sides.
Sambisari temple complex is surrounded by two layers of fencing. Beyond the page width of 50 x 48 feet surrounded by a low stone fence, while a page in a rock surrounded by a fence about 50 inches thick with a height of about 2 meters. On each side of the entrance there is no gate or other decorations. Sambisari temple consists of a main temple and three Perwara temple. The main temple facing to the west is relatively intact condition, the three Perwara temple are located opposite the main temple currently only stone remaining. Each temple has the ground-plan ancillary square area of 4.8 square meters.
Height of the main temple up to the peak reached 7.5 meters. The temple stands on a rock that has a square ground-plan area of 13.65 square meters with a height of about 2 meters. The temple also berdenah square base with an area of 5 square meters. The difference with the temple's vast stone walkway that comes form a ledge at about 1.2 meters. The high ledge cause the body to the temple is not visible from the outside and only the roof that pops up, giving rise to the impression of fat. Foot of the temple plain unadorned, but the outer wall of the ledge decorated with floral carvings and the shuffle of tendrils very fine carvings.
The stairs leading to the hall is located at the front door, which is on the west side. Ladder is equipped with a pair of cheeks are decorated dragon head sculpture with his mouth agape. Rock beneath each dragon head sculpture in the form of Gana decorated in a squatting position with both hands raised upward, as if the head dragon on it. Gana, or often called Syiwaduta, is a small creature escort Shiva. Gana also found sculptures at the entrance of the temples at Prambanan temple complex.
At the top of the stairs there is a gate paduraksa frame decorated with carved motifs of sticky paper. Foot frame decorated with carved dragon heads facing out with his mouth agape. The same decoration is also found at the entrance to an inner room, but in the doorway of the room there are sculptures Kalamakara without the lower jaw.
On each side of the temple's outer walls are niches containing statues. In niches on the south wall there is a statue of Agastya or Grand Master Shiva, on the east wall there is a statue of Ganesha, and on the north wall there Mahesasuramardini Durga.
Shiva is portrayed as a bearded man with two and was standing on a lotus. On his right there is a trident, spear guns which is a three-eyed Shiva. This statue is similar to the Grand Master of the Shiva statue located in south niche Shiva temple at Prambanan Temple Complex, it's just that his body is more slender.
Ganesha statues found in the eastern niche of Ganesha statue is also similar to that found in the eastern niche Shiva temple. Ganesha is described in a cross-legged position on Padmasana (lotus throne) with both feet together. The difference is your right hand statue is riding on the knees looked up, while the left hand propping a bowl. End of the trunk as if sucking something out of the bowl.
In the north there is space Mahesasuramardini Durga, the goddess Durga as death. As found in the Shiva temple at Prambanan, Durga is also described as an eight-armed goddess standing on a bull Nandi. One of his right hand in a reclining position on a bludgeon, while the other three hands each holding arrows, swords and discs. One of his left hand holding the head of the Asura, while three other hand holds the bow, shield and flowers. In contrast to that found in the temple of Siva, the Asura, Durga giant dwarf companion, at the Sambisari temple depicted in a kneeling position. Durga in the temple Sambisari also described more sensual, viewed from standing position, the hip is short cloth exposing her thighs, breasts are more prominent, and the smile that graced his lips.
In the middle of the room measuring about 4.8 square meters in the body there is a Lingga temple complete with her yoni. Lingga made of white stone, while the yoni in the middle of the phallus made of black stone is very hard and shiny. Along the edge of the phallus there are grooves to hold water that flowed into the stream offerings decorated with a snake's head. (excerpt).

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Historical and Archaeological Heritage of Yogyakarta (Borobudur Temple)

Borobudur is the largest temple in the world, which is one of the 7 wonders of the world. Borobudur temple is located in the northwest city of Yogyakarta at a distance is 42 kilometers. Built in the 8th century, the result of hard work and perseverance is supported by its employees and a dedication to a very high from relatives and people of Wangsa Cailendra in power at that time.

Borobudur temple really shows the greatness of the kingdom of the Wangsa Cailendra who tried to describe the life history of Buddha Siddharta Gautama and explain all his teachings which poured through the media reliefs carved into beautiful on the wall of Borobudur temple.

At every level carved reliefs on temple walls. These reliefs read according to the clockwise or called mapradaksina in Old Javanese language derived from Sanskrit meaning is daksina east. These reliefs variety of story content, among other reliefs Jataka stories.

Reading of relief stories are always the starting and ending on the east side of the gate at every level, starting on the left and right ends at the gate. So obviously that the east is the ladder up the real (main) and toward the top of the temple, it means that the temple facing the east while the other sides look similar.

Borobudur has no worship spaces like other temples. that there are long hallways which is a narrow road. The hallways surrounding the walled temple level by level. In the halls of this is expected to conduct Buddhist ceremonies walk around the temple to the right. Shape of the building without room and terraced structure is in suspect is the development of punden form terraces, which is a form of original architecture from pre-history of Indonesia

From the top of the temple can be seen around the beautiful natural scenery and exotic. There are mount Sumbing as one type of volcano in Central Java region who continue to smoke, look to the west among the clouds that move. Borobudur temple building is a heritage of our ancestors that is priceless, not only the Indonesian nation and even the nations of the world have it, too.

A grandeur in the world's largest temple, which stores the values of the Buddhist sublime so captivating, undeniable fact is that many people around the world was so fascinated when it comes and learn the content of the story in the history of this Borobudur temple ...

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